Invention of Hypodermic Syringe (1853)

In 1853 the first practical hypodermic syringe, capable of penetrating the skin without the need for a prior incision, was developed simultaneously by the French surgeon Charles Gabriel pravaz (1791 - 1823) working in Lyon, France and Scottish physician Alexander wood (1817-1884)

"Sherlock Holmes took his... hypodermic syringe from its neat morocco case."

pravaz's silver syringe include a piston with a screw adjustment to measure the administration of precise does of blood- coagulating agents in treating aneurysms. wood used a glass syringe that allowed him to monitor visually the injection of morphine in his treatment of patients with neuralgic disorders. wood later added a graduated scale for more precise measurements. the syringe permitted for the first time the intravenous administration of anesthesia and helped eliminate many of the difficulties faced in the still experimental realm of blood transfusion. neither version of course, would have been possible without the hollow-point needle, which was invented nine years earlier, in 1844, by Irish physician Francis Rynd.

prior to the seventeenth century, urethral syringes made from pewter, bone and silver were common and by the mild-seventeenth century attempts were being made to deliver medication by intravenous means through animal skin. sir Christopher wren participated in experiments in which animals were injected via a hallow tube cut from a quill pen. in the early 1800s blisters were generated so the skin could then be peeled back and the drug administered. post 1853 refinements included detachable needles and all-glass syringes, which greatly reduced the incidence of infections.

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Invention of Zip

The first person to attempt to reversibly connect two materials with a zip like mechanism was the American inventors Elias Howe (1819-1867) in 1851 with his “Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure”. However Howe devoted little time to his fastening invention. A short while later, fellow-American whit comb Judson invented the clasp locker, primary to help a friend who had a bad back and couldn't do up his shoes. The design was based around a hook-and-eye mechanism and had little commercial success. One of Judson’s employees. However, went on to hit the jackpot.

Gideon Sundback (1880-1954) worked for Judson’s universal Fastener company. Because of his great skill he was appointed as head designer. He had been tasked with improving the Judson hook-and-eye fastener, which had an unfortunate tendency to come apart. Sundback’s breakthrough design was based on the principle of interlocking teeth, and he called his invention the “Hookless Fastener“. It contains of two rows of facing teeth that were interlocked with a slider, and he received a patentin 1913. Further improvements to his design resulted in the “separable Fastener” in 1917. Sundback even developed a manufacturing machine for his new invention , which soon had the capacity to produce hundreds of feet of fastener every day.

One of his first major customers was B.F.Goodrich, who used the fastener in his new term “Zipper” for the device. Sundback’s fastener also found great utility in tobacco pouches. But it was only two decades later that it entered the fashion industry and become the everyday object in today.

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Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)

In 1973 researcher Danny cohen’s Network voice protocol was first used on ARPANET (Advanced Research projects Agency Network), where it allowed research sites to talk with each other over the computer network. For many years afterword, however, sending your voice over the internet was the preserve of researchers, geeks, and early computer gamers.

But in 1995 a company called vocalTec released a piece of software it called internet phone. Designed for Microsoft Windows, it turned the speaker’s voice into computer data, compressing it enough to send it in real time over a modern connection to another computer on the internet.

“The Advantage is obvious : I can call my mate is Sydney and chat for the price of a local London call. “

Many people suddenly became interested in internet Telephone, for one simple reason-it was cheap. In the united states, for example, the local call to connect to the internet was often free, whereas long-distance calls were costly.

As internet speeds improved and other companies started to offer similar services, making telephone calls across the internet gained a generic name: voice over internet protocol, commonly known as  VOIP. VOIP is extremely popular. Skype, One of the best companies has clocked up more than a hundred billion minutes of calls between its users since 2003 when the service started.

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Invention of Battery (1799)

A battery sometimes called a cell, is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. when two or more cells are joined together in such a way that the currents produced from each flow in the same direction, they are know as a battery of cells. there are two basic types of batteries.

• primary battery
• non rechargeable battery

where the electricity stops when the chemicals are used up, and the secondary (or storage) battery, which can be recharged.

The battery originated with Alessandro volta (1745 - 1827) who, in 1799, invented the  "voltaic pile," a pile of silver and zinc disks, separated by pieces of fabric saturated with sea water, that supplied an electric current when connected by a wire. His work was based on that of Luigi Galvani, who had noticed that a dead frong's legs twitched when they came into contact with two different types of metal.

Each cell had two terminals or electrodes a positive one the anode and a negative one, the cathode-suspended in a liquid know as the electrolyte. over the next few years, a number of inventions developed others combinations of metals and electrolyte to produce more efficient batteries. in the 1880s a solid electrolyte was used and the contents were encased in covers and known as dry cells. the first portable safe device, know as the "Flashlight," was produced in 1896.

in 1859 Gaston Plante, a French physicist,produced a secondary battery which could be recharged and is similar to the battery, or accumulator, that is used in today's automobiles. in this battery,lead plates were immersed in sulfuric acid.

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E-mail (1971)

In 1969 a company called Bolt Barenek and Newman won the contract to develop a communication network called ARPANET that would enable scientists and researchers to use each other’s computer facilities. During its development, an engineer named Ray Tomlinson (1941) started to experiment with the coding of two programs. SNDMSG allowed members of the network to exchange messages among one another, whereas CPYNET allowed file transfer to occur between two separate networks. It occurred to Tomlinson that by combing the two he could create a system that would make message transfer possible between different users of independent networks.

One of the most significant decisions made by Tomlinson was his choice of the @ symbol to separate the user’s name from the host network name. It was a fairly logical choice, but one that revived the rather esoteric symbol and saved it from the brink of linguistic extinction.

Unaware of the global significance that the 200 lines of code that made up the  e-mail program would have, Tomlinson neglected to note what he wrote in the first e-mail ever sent (he claims it was something banal like “QWERTYUIOP” or “TESTING 1234 “).

Allegedly, when Tomlinson first demonstrated his program to a co-worker, the latter told him not to show the system to anyone because it was not part of their job description. Tomlinson has since said that even though there was no direct stated objective to create e-mail, the ARPANET project was in fact a giant and worthwhile investigation into the multifarious users of computer communication.

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History of java

In 1991 Sun Microsystems formed “the Green project” to create a new computer programming toll for the next generation. Trying to anticipate what would happen next in the computing world. The team led by James Gosling agreed that a likely future trend would see the convergence of digital consumers products with computer technology. Perplexed by the number of different types of computer platforms that existed, they decided to create a “write once , run anywhere” programming language that would work on any device. In order to interest the digital cable television industry, they mocked up an interactive home entertainment controller.
“The Internet is an Opportunity for the best products to win. Java is great technically and people want it.”
However, the technology-featuring animations, a touch screen, and a networking ability similar to the internet-was so advanced that the companies could not see a use for it.
But the team realized that by allowing media and small programs to be distributed over a network, their programming language was a perfect match for the world wide web in 1994 they created a demo that brought to life animations, moving objects, and dynamic executable content inside a web browser Netscape Navigator. The java platform’s versatility efficiently, and portability means that it is now found in device ranging from PCs to credit cards.

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Invention of Computer Mouse (1968)

The 1968 Fall joint computer conference at san Francisco in the United States presented a remarkable number of “firsts”, Among them was the first video teleconference; the first use of hypertext (the foundation of today’s web links); and the first presentation by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), of NLS, short for online system, the revolutionary ancestor of modern computer server software. Such dazzling display likely distracted people from another important first, moved by the hand of SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart the computer mouse.

Far from the sleek ergonomic device of today, the first computer mouse was a wooden box with wheels and a thick electric cord. Engelbart and colleague Bill English (1929) first came up with the idea in 1963  and created the device as a very small piece of a much larger computer project. They were looking for something that allowed computer users to easily interact with computers. The first prototype had a cord to the front, but this was so cumbersome it was moved to the back, becoming a “tail,” which gave rise to the device’s name. “it just looked like a mouse with a tail, and so we called it that in the lab,” commented Engelbart.

Neither Engelbart, English, nor Sri ever marketed the mouse. The next lab to work on it, Xerox’s palo Alto research center(PARC), gave it some modern touches but failed to bring it to the masses. That job was done by steve jobs, founder of Apple, inc, in the 1980s. Jobs’s company polished up the mouse, making it affordable computer. Apple may have made the mouse famous, but Engelbart and English were there first.

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Invention Of Fountain Pen (1827)

The invention of the modern fountain pen is really a story of perfection then invention. In 1883 more then fifty years after  the fountain pen was first invented, a new York insurance broker, lewis waterman, was set to sign an impotent contract and decided to honor the occasion by using the standard ink-filled pen of the day.However, fountain pens were notoriously unreliable,especially in their capacity to regulate their ink flow, so when the pen spilled ink across the contract so that it could not be signed waterman decided to do something about it.

Within a year Lewis waterman had designed the world's first practical ,usable,and virtually leakproof fountain pen. To regulate the flow of ink he successfully applied the principle of capillary action with the inclusion of a tiny air hole in the nib of the pen along with grooves in the feeder mechanism to control the flow of ink from his new leak proof reservoir to the nib.Although waterman deserve the credit for the invention of the modern fountain pen we know today, he nonetheless stood on the shoulders of many who had gone before.

AS early as the beginning of the eighteenth century, the chief instrument-marker to the king of France, M.Bion, crafted fountain pens with nibs, five of which survive of this day. The first steel pen point was manufactured in 1828, thought to be invented by "petrache poenaru", and in the 1830s the inventor "james perry" had several unsuccessful

attempts at designing nibs that employed the principle of capillary action. But it was "Lewis waterman" who overcome every obstacle and crafted a successful pen. it was so successful that by 1901, Two years after waterman's death, more than 350,000 pens of his design were sold worldwide.

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